A work in progress compiled by John Morgan
Sept 2005 (Updated June 2007)
john@johnrmorgan.com
Epistemology is the study of how we know or what convinces us that something is true. Every child and adult has things they believe are true and each has some process, however under developed, that he/she uses to decide what to believe. What does the Bible say about what we should give weight to? What does the Bible teach that God thinks should convince people?
Following are selected verses related to epistemology. Many contain words specifically related to the topic (evidence, witness, testimony, sign, proof, believe, know). Others have words that may be more loosely related (realize, understand, saw, heard, believe). However, many passages reveal an assumption or imply an epistemology without using these specific words. Generally, the verses follow the order of the books of the Bible. But, there are exceptions for various reasons, or none at all.
Genesis 21:30 And [Abraham] said “You shall take these seven ewe lambs from my hand in order that it may be a witness to me, that I dug this well.”
Genesis 31:48 And Laban said, “This heap [of stones] is a witness between you and me this day.” Therefore it is called Galeed;
The lambs/stones become a physical reminder of what was agreed. They are evidence. If one party denies the agreement, they can point to the “witness” and ask “ what does this mean? don’t you remember when we did this?”
Exodus 3 Moses saw a burning bush that was not consumed. Bible believers know this because they believe the account in the Bible. But, how did Moses know it? His own eyes saw it. If we cannot trust human senses, we cannot trust Moses’ eyes and we cannot trust his report. Bible believers depend upon the reliability of human senses because the Bible’s authors depend upon them.
Exodus 3:12 And He said, “Certainly I will be with you, and this shall be the sign to you that it is I who have sent you: when you have brought the people out of Egypt, you shall worship God at this mountain.”
Note that this sign (evidence) does not become available until after Moses is out of Egypt. Thus, in this case, Moses must trust before he sees the objective evidence.
Exodus 4:8 If they will not believe you or heed the witness of the first sign, they may believe the witness of the last sign.
The word “witness” is literally “voice.”
Exodus 22:10-13 13 If it [an animal] is all torn to pieces, let him bring it as evidence; …
The Hebrew word for evidence here is normally translated “witness.” A witness does not need to be verbal. The appeal to evidence presumes an epistemology that values evidence. It also presumes that we can trust our senses. In our modern system this would be forensic evidence.
Lev 23:42,43 You shall live in booths for seven days; … so that your generations may know that I had the sons of Israel live in booths.
God seems to think that having an observance will make it more real for those who come after – cause them to know it at a deeper level.
Lev 26:9 So I will turn toward you and make you fruitful and multiply you and I will confirm My covenant with you.
By experiencing God’s blessing of fruitfulness, the Israelites would have greater certainty of God’s covenant.
Deut 18:21,22
You may say in your heart, “How will we know the word which the Lord has not spoken?” When a prophet speaks in the name of the Lord, if the thing does not come about or come true, that is the thing which the Lord has not spoken.
The words of a supposed prophet will be judged by the events, external evidence. If the words disagree with the evidence, the evidence (reality) wins.
Isaiah 19:20 And it [an alter/piller] will become a sign and a witness to the Lord of hosts in the land of Egypt. …
witness = mouth, sign = sign or mark or banner
Numbers 35:30 If anyone kills a person, the murderer shall be put to death at the evidence of witnesses, but no person shall be put to death on the testimony of one witness. (evidence = mouth). 6310
Multiple witnesses (lines of evidence), if they are consistent, confirm one another. This is a fundamental principle of epistemology that is used by police investigators, judges, juries, scientists, parents, anyone who is trying to determine the truth of an issue.
Deut 4:3,9 “Eyes have seen”
God expects people to believe their eyes.
Deut 8:3 And He humbled you and let you be hungry, and fed you with manna which you did not know, nor did your fathers know, that He might make you understand that man does not live by bread alone, but man lives by everything that proceeds out of the mouth of the Lord.
God expected the Israelites to learn something from the experience even if He did not tell them directly. God’s comment in Deuteronomy is not what is supposed to make the Israelites understand, it is the experience that contains the message – apart from the verbal commentary.
Deut 17:6; 19:15 and 2 Cor 13:1
Multiple witnesses are required to find someone guilty. Consistency is expected. Based on the original languages, a “witness” can be what we would call forensic evidence.
Deut 27
21 “Present your case,” the LORD says. “Bring forward your strong arguments,” The King of Jacob says.
22 Let them bring forth and declare to us what is going to take place; As for the former events, declare what they were, That we may consider them and know their outcome. Or announce to us what is coming;
23 Declare the things that are going to come afterward, That we may know that you are gods; Indeed, do good or evil, that we may anxiously look about us and fear together.
24 Behold, you are of no account, And your work amounts to nothing; He who chooses you is an abomination.
25 “I have aroused one from the north, and he has come; From the rising of the sun he will call on My name; And he will come upon rulers as upon mortar, Even as the potter treads clay.”
26 Who has declared this from the beginning, that we might know? Or from former times, that we may say, “He is right!”? Surely there was no one who declared, Surely there was no one who proclaimed, Surely there was no one who heard your words.
27 “Formerly I said to Zion, “Behold, here they are.’ And to Jerusalem, “I will give a messenger of good news.’
28 “But when I look, there is no one, And there is no counselor among them Who, if I ask, can give an answer.
29 “Behold, all of them are false; Their works are worthless, Their molten images are wind and emptiness.
“Present your case” – as in a court of law, declare what is going to take place – fulfilled prophecy is evidence.
“As for the former events, declare what they were” – past events can be valid evidence
If you can’t get your history right – why should I believe your prophecy?
Indeed, do good or evil – a challenge to false gods to prove themselves.
Your work amounts to nothing – what the gods really do is nothing
Their works are worthless –
Joshua 2:9,10 Rahab knew that the Lord given the Land to the Israelites. Not just because she had heard God had said He would but because she had heard about historical events. This involves, trusting the reports, correlating the reports to what God is reported to have said and then drawing a conclusion.
Joshua 4
1 Now when all the nation had finished crossing the Jordan, the LORD spoke to Joshua, saying,
2 ” Take for yourselves twelve men from the people, one man from each tribe,
3 and command them, saying, Take up for yourselves twelve stones from here out of the middle of the Jordan, from the
place where the priests’ feet are standing firm, and carry them over with you and lay them down in the lodging place where you will lodge tonight.”
——-
6 “Let this be a sign among you, so that when your children ask later, saying, “What do these stones mean to you?’
7 then you shall say to them, “Because the waters of the Jordan were cut off before the ark of the covenant of the
LORD; when it crossed the Jordan, the waters of the Jordan were cut off.’ So these stones shall become a memorial to the sons of Israel forever.”
——–
9 Then Joshua set up twelve stones in the middle of the Jordan at the place where the feet of the priests who carried the ark of the covenant were standing, and they are there to this day.
Putting the stones in the Jordon was the Lord’s idea.
The purpose was to be evidence or proof that the stories of the elders were true.
Judges
6:17 So Gideon said to Him, “If now I have found favor in Thy sight, then show me a sign that it is Thou who speakest with me.”
6:36,37 Then Gideon said to God, “If Thou wilt deliver Isradel through me, as Thou hast spoken, behold, I will put a fleece of wool on the threshing floor …
7:2 And the Lord said to Gideon, “The people who are with you are too many for Me to give Midian into their hands, lest Israel become boastful saying “My own power has delivered me.”
God wanted the evidence to be clear that Israel could not have effected victory. That is how they would know it was the Lord.
10:11 And the Lord said to the sons of Israel, “Did I not deliver you from the Egyptians, the Amorites, the sons of Ammon, and the Philistines? And when the Sidonians, the Amalekites and the Maonites oppressed you, you cried out to Me, and I delivered you from their hands. Yet you have forsaken me and served other gods; therefore I will deliver you no more.
God appeals to history which the Israelites knew. How did they know the history? Did they personally live through the events? Which events were so recent that the present participants would have lived through them?
13:21 [Manoah brings an offering to the messenger and flame went up from the alter toward heaven and the messenger ascended the in the flame.] Then Manoah knew that he was the angel of the Lord.
17:13 Then Micah said, “Now I know that the Lord will proper me, seeing I have a Levite as priest.”
This is an example of someone coming to a wrong conclusion. He reasoned wrongly.
18:5 And they said to him [an unnamed Levite], “Inquire of God, please that we may know whether our way on which we are going will be prosperous.”
I Samuel
3:1-10 God calls Samuel but Samuel does not recognize that it is the Lord. After three times Eli recognized that it was the Lord calling Samuel. How does Eli know?
3:19,20 Thus Samuel grew and the Lord was with him and let none of his words fail. And all Israel from Dan even to Beersheba knew that Samuel was confirmed as a prophet of the Lord.
6:9 And watch, if it [the cows pulling the cart with the ark] goes up by the way of its own territory to Beth-shemesh, then He [the Lord] has done us this great evil. But if not, then we shall know that it was not His hand that struck us; it happened to us by chance.
The Philistines would be able to detect God’s intervention by seeing cows behave in an unnatural and directed manner. This would cause them to interpret previous events and thereby know something. They were essentially doing an experiment.
2 Sam 5:12 And David realized that the Lord had established him as king over Israel, …
David came to know (realized) something by evaluating the situation he saw around him. Because this was consistent with God’s promise, it gives credibility to God’s word.
2 Sam 12:19 But when David saw that his servants were whispering together, David perceived that the child was dead; so David said to his servants, “Is the child dead?” And they said, “He is dead.”
David saw something and concluded that it meant something else was true – deductive reasoning. He then asked a question and was told something. This was consistent with the other evidence and confirmed it. One can assume that David then went and saw the dead child. One might say that when David saw the whisperers he knew and when he was told he really knew and when he saw the dead child he was certain.
1 Kings 8:42-43 Even foreigners know something about God by hearing about answered prayer
1 Kings 12:19 So Israel has been in rebellion against the house of David to this day.
The original readers could have verified Israel’s continuing rebellion from their own experience. This tends to give credibility to the previous history because it is consistent with and explains the present.
1 Chr 17:7-8 God expects that past experience with His faithfulness will give faith to believe promises not yet fulfilled.
2 Chr 9:6 Nevertheless I did not believe their reports until I came and my eyes had seen it.
2 Chr 18:27 And Micaiah said, “If you indeed return safely, then Lord has not spoken by me.” And he said, “Listen, all you people.”
The prophesy was to be judged by the reality.
God does not expect people to respond “Well we know it was God’s word so even though the king looks like he returned safely, we know he is dead.”
2 Chr 34:19 And it came about when the king heard the words of the law that he tore his clothes.
Josiah reacted this way because he realized (came to know) something. He correlated the words with the reality and knew that he and Israel were in sin. This involves awareness of reality, belief in words heard and some reasoning.
Prov 18:17 The first to plead his case seems just, until another comes and examines him.
It is easy to believe a report (know/think it is true) when there is nothing to contradict it. The proverb anticipates people holding knowledge tentatively, waiting until more is known.
Isa 1:18 Come now, and let us reason together,” Says the LORD, “Though your sins are as scarlet, They will be as white as snow; Though they are red like crimson, They will be like wool.
Isaiah 60:16 …You will also suck the milk of nations, and will suck the breast of kings; then you will know that I, the Lord, am you Saviour, and your Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob.
Ezekiel has a recurring phrase (59 times) indicating that an event will occur
(and/then/that/thus/so)
(they/you/the nations)
(may/will/shall)
know that I am the Lord
6:13,14; 7:27; 11:10,12; 12:15,16,20; 13:9,21,23; 14:8,23; 15:7; 16:62; 20:26,38,42,44; 23:49; 24:24,25; 25:5,7,11,14,17; 28:22,23,24,26; 29:9,16,21; 30:19,25,26; 32:15; 33:29 34:27 35:9,12,15; 36:11,23,36,38; 37:13,14,28; 38:23
39:7,22,28;
17:21 – and you will know that I, the Lord, have spoken
21:5 – thus all flesh will know that I, the Lord, have drawn My sword out of its sheath.
22:22 – and you will know that I, the Lord, have poured out My wrath on you.
33:29 – so, when it comes to pass – as it surely will – then they will know that a prophet has been in their midst
34:30 – “Then they will know that I the Lord their God am with them, and that they, the house of Israel, are my people,” declares the Lord.
36:23 – then the nations will know that I am the Lord
So what is it that God thinks should convince people? Is it simply because a prophet says something that we should believe whatever is said? How does this relate to Christians expecting people to believe something because it is in the Bible?
Dan 1
Daniel proposes an experiment with a control group. The result will cause the officials to become convinced that Daniel’s diet would be a good thing.
Dan 2
What was Nebuchadnezzer’s epistemology? What would cause him to know he could trust Daniel’s interpretation of the dream?
I Cor 15 – Paul gives a reasoned defense of the Ressurection
A “sign” may be a reminder but it is evidence which serves as a reminder
The sign of the covenant
Rom 1:4 who was declared the Son of God with power by the resurrection from the dead
The resurrection is evidence of Jesus’ divinity.
Rom 1:19, 20 because that which is known about God is evident within them; for God made it known to them. For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes, His eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen, being understood through what has been made, so that they are without excuse.
The creation itself is evidence which does not need words to communicate. It speaks independent of the Bible.
Hebrews 11:1 Now faith is the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen.
The Greek word ELEGMOS is translated “conviction” in NASB and “evidence in KJV. It has the meaning of a proof or a test.
Psalm 19
1 The heavens are telling of the glory of God; And their expanse is declaring the work of His hands.
2 Day to day pours forth speech, And night to night reveals knowledge.
3 There is no speech, nor are there words; Their voice is not heard.
4 Their line has gone out through all the earth, And their utterances to the end of the world.
The creation itself is evidence which does not need words to communicate. God seems to expect people to trust creation. After all, why should the universe lie or deceive?
Acts 17:2, 3 And according to Paul’s custom, he went to them, and for three Sabbaths reasoned with them from the Scriptures explaining and giving evidence that the Christ had to suffer and rise again from the dead, and saying, “This Jesus whom I am proclaiming to you is the Christ.”
Giving evidence: Greek paratithemi – to place beside or set before
reasoned: Greek dialegomai – to think different things with oneself, to ponder, then to dispute with others
Acts 17:11 Now these were more noble-minded than those in Thessalonica, for they received the word with great eagerness, examining the Scriptures daily, to see wheter these things were so.
1Cor 1:22,23 For indeed Jews ask for signs, and Greeks search for wisdom; but we preach Christ crucified, to Jews a stumbling block, and to Gentiles foolishness
Mark 1:24, 25 … saying, “What do we have to do with You, Jesus of Nazareth? Have you come to destroy us? I know who You are – the Holy One of God!” And Jesus rebuked him, saying “Be quiet, and come out of him.”
Jesus did not want His identity proclaimed (and debated) until He had done more deeds that would be evidence.
Mark 2:25 And [Jesus] said to them “Have you never read what David did when he was in need and become hungry …”
From the context, Jesus expects his hearers to have concluded something from their knowledge of scripture. Would Jesus expect the same from someone who is just being introduced to the Bible?
Mark 14:59 And not even in this respect was their testimony consistent.
Mark seems to think that consistency of evidence is important.
Luke 1:4 … so that you might know the exact truth about the things you have been taught.
Luke is assuming that the reader will accept what is written and thereby know.
Luke 16:30, 31 The end of a parable: But he said, “No, Father Abraham, but if someone goes to them from the dead, they will repent!” But he said to him, “If they do not listen to Moses and the Prophets, neither will they be persuaded if someone rises from the dead.”
John 1:18 No man has seen God at any time; the only begotten God, who is in the bosom of the Father, He has explained (revealed) Him.
John 1:46 And Nathanael said to him, “Can any good thing come out of Nazareth?” Philip said to him, “Come and see.”
John 3:2 [Nicodemus] came to Him by night and said to him, “Rabbi, we know that You have come from God as a teacher; for no one can do these signs that You do unless God is with him.”
John 3:12 If I told you earthly things and ye believe not, how shall ye believe if I tell you heavenly things?
John 4:47, 50, 52 Based on what he had heard, the official believed (to some degree) that Jesus could heal. After meeting Jesus, he believed enough to stop asking and head home. When he got word from his servants and correlated the times of the events, that evidence really convinced him and he believed. Note the process and the degrees.
John 5:36 But the witness which I have is greater than [that of] John; for the works which the Father hath given me to accomplish, the very works that I do, bear witness of me, that the Father hath sent me.
John 6:26 Jesus answered them and said, “Truly, truly, I say to you, you seek Me, not because you saw signs, but because you ate of the loaves and were filled.”
John 7:17 If any man is willing to do His will, he shall know of the teaching, whether it is from God, or whether I speak from Myself.
John 10:37-38 “If I do not do the works of My Father, do not believe Me; but if I do them, though you do not believe Me, believe the works, so that you may know and understand that the Father is in Me, and I in the Father.”
John 13:35 By this shall all men know that you are My disciples, if you have love for one another.
John 14:29 Now I have told you before it happens, so that when it happens, you may believe.
Jn 4:46-54 Here Jesus seems frustrated that the people need signs (v 48 which are visible supernatural evidence. But He recognizes their epistemology. The official correlates the actual time of healing to the time of the command and that causes him to believe.
Acts 9:22 Proving something from Scripture. Note that this is an audience that already has had sufficient evidence to believe Scripture.
1 Cor 15:5, 6 Multiple witnesses should make a report more credible.
1 Cor 15:12-16 Here Paul is starting from something that the Corinthians had accepted. Paul uses reasoning to show that if one thing is true then another must follow. This shows that reasoning can start from something accepted on faith.
Gal 2:2 And it was because of a revelation that I went up; and I submitted to them [the other Apostles] the gospel which I preach among the Gentiles, but I did it in private to those who were of reputation, for fear that I might be running or had run in vain.
Paul knew something by revelation. But, even though Paul had been preaching the gospel, there seems to have been an edge of doubt which was removed when he received approval from the Apostles. This was also supposed to give also give the Galatians confidence in Paul’s message. The Galatians can know that Paul’s preaching is true because it was confirmed.
Note also Gal 2:6.
2 Tim 1:12 … for I know whom I have believed and I am convinced that He is able to guard what I have entrusted to Him …
What is different about knowing something because you know WHO has told you?
1 John 1:1-3 John begins by appealing to the fact the he has personally seen, heard and touched and therefore should know.
Luke 1:13,18-20 But the angel said to him, “Do not be afraid, Zacharias, for your petition has been heard, and your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son, and you will give him the name John.
…
Zacharias said to the angel, “How will I know this for certain? For I am an old man and my wife is advanced in years.” The angel answered and said to him, “I am Gabriel, who stands in the presence of God, and I have been sent to speak to you and bring you this good news. And behold, you shall be silent and unable to speak until the day when these things take place, because you did not believe my words …
Zacharias had some evidence that had persuaded him for years that he would never have children. Gabriel seems to think that his appearance in that situation should be enough evidence to make his words believable regardless of past evidence. What would it take to instantly change a belief that you, the reader, have held for, say, 40 years?
What is your epistemology?
As you read through the Bible you can ask yourself these questions:
1) If the human author expects something to convince the reader, what is the author’s assumption about the reader’s epistemology?
2) If a character in the account comes to know or believe something, how did he come to know or believe it?
3) If a character in the account expects something to convince another person in the account, what is the implied epistemology?
Other verses with implications related to epistemology:
Gen 3:7; 4:10; 8:11; 9:24; 15:1, 8+; 18:21
Gen 20:6,7; 31:48, 52; 37:33; 38:9
Ex 6:7; 7:5, 17; 8:10, 22; 9:14, 29; 10:2
Ex 14:4, 18, 31; 16:12; 18:11; 29:46; 33:13
Num 14:31,34; 16:28-30; 20:14; 22:6, 34
Deut 7:8, 9; 8:2, 5, 18; 9:2, 3, 6, 7; 11:2;
Deut 22:14-17; 29:4-8,16; 31:19, 21, 27, 29
Judg 2:10; 6:12-13, 17, 36-37; 13:21; 15:11;
Judg 18:5-6
Ruth 3:18
1 Sam 1:23; 2:30; 3:13, 19; 4:8; 10:9; 12:17
1 Sam 13:10; 17:46-47; 18:28; 20:3, 7, 12
1 Sam 20:30, 33; 22:22; 24:10-11, 20; 25:17
1 Sam 26:4; 28:1, 9, 14
2 Sam 3:25; 5:19, 23-24; 6:8; 7:25, 12:30, 32
2 Sam 14:1, 20; 18:18; 19:6, 22; 22:26-27
2 Sam 24:2
1 Kgs 1:14; 2:15, 37, 42; 3:23; 8:20, 26, 53
1 Kgs 8:56, 59-60; 9:9, 27; 10:6; 11:9; 12:26
1 Kgs 13:18, 32; 14:2, 5; 16:34; 17:16, 24
1 Kgs 18:24, 37, 39; 20:13, 28; 22:7, 28, 38
2 Kgs 2:5, 10, 17-18; 4:1, 39; 5:8, 15; 7:14
2 Kgs 8:12; 15:5; 17:13-14; 19:19, 29, 32
2 Kgs 20:8, 19;
1 Chr 11:3; 14:2; 16:8, 17-18; 21:28; 28:19
2 Chr 6:14-15, 33; 7:12; 11:2, 4; 12:8; 13:5
2 Chr 15:8; 20:15; 25:16; 32:31; 33:12-13
Jos 3:7, 10; 4:23; 14:6; 22:26, 27; 23:13-14
Isa 7:11-14; 8:18; 10:25; 11:3-4; 45:3, 5-6
Jer 2:19, 23; 3:2; 11:3-5, 28:9; 32:6-8
Dan 5:22; 9:11-12
Mat 2:4-5, 13, 16 ; 6:28-30; 7:29; 9:6
Mat 11:3-6, 21, 27; 12:33, 38-39; 13:11
Mat 18:16; 22:29-32; 25:25-27
Mark 1:34; 2:10; 3:23-27; 4:41; 6:4, 20
Mark 8:17-21, 9:7, 24; 10:42; 11:33; 15:39
Mark 16:11, 13, 14, 20
Luke 1:34; 2:15, 26, 49; 3:1-2; 4:25, 27
Luke 5:23-24; 6:8; 7:20, 22, 39; 8:10, 24
Luke 9:44-45, 47; 10:17; 11:15-17;
Luke 12:2, 54-56;
John 2:9, 11; 4:19, 39, 41; 5:26, 36, 39
John 6:2, 14, 30 ; 7: 31; 8:18; 8:52
John 9:16, 24-25, 29-31; 10:21; 11:45; 12:50;
John 13: 19; 14:7, 11; 15:24; 17:23; 18:21
John 19:10; 20:25, 30; 21:6-7, 24
Acts 1:3, 19; 2:16, 22 42; 3:21; 9:26
Acts 10:28, 34-35, 47; 12:1, 9, 11
Acts 13:12, 35-37; 14:3, 17; 15:14-15
Acts 16:9-10; 17:2-3, 11, 17, 24; 18:9, 28;
Acts 19:8, 11, 35-36; 20:32; 21:11-13; 22:30
Acts 24:10, 11, 13; 25:20; 26:4, 13-19, 26, 28
Acts 27:10, 11, 23-25, 28; 28:4-6, 18, 24, 28
Rom 1:18, 2:2, 14; 4:19, 20; 16:26
1 Cor 1:6-7; 2:11; 4:19; 8:7; 12:2-3;
1 Cor 14:11, 22; 15:5-6, 12
2 Cor 5:6-7; 8:1, 9; 9:2; 12:2-3; 13:2-3
Gal 1:8, 11, 16; 3:2; 4:13
Eph 1:9; 3:2-4, 10, 19; 6:21
Phil 1:12
1 John 2:3, 29; 4:2, 20; 5:13, 18-20
This paper makes no claim to have listed all verses with epistemological implications.
Points about epistemology
- Everybody has an epistemology, some way they decide what to believe.
- It starts with experience.
- Experience with people leads to trusting specific people
- By the time reason kicks in, a person “knows” many things and trusts many people.
Trusting everyone would be gullible.
Trusting no one would mean we need to learn everything directly.
- Our experience includes the faith of the people around us.
May give certainty about things like the Bible or Qu’ran.
- All experience must be interpreted
Most experiences have little emotional/intellectual content to interpret
Children are good observers but terrible interpreters
- Feelings are part of our experience. We may “know” someone dislikes us because we feel rejected.
- What we know becomes a grid through which we interpret/accept/reject new knowledge
Selective memory
Cognitive dissonance – selective perception
Things that don’t fit into our grid feel ‘wrong.”
- Faith in a book (Bible/Qu’ran) is built on many layers of knowing
General experience with the world
Opinions of others we trust
Social expectations
Reason interacting with the words and experience
- Experience with God can cause some to begin trusting God
- Experience with others who trust God can cause some to trust God
Points about epistemology from the Bible
God expects believers and unbelievers to believe our senses.
Throughout the Bible, believers and unbelievers are shown to rely on evidence and consistency of evidence in determining what to believe.
God expects both believers and unbelievers to be able to know things by reasoning from things they already know either from experience, prior reasoning or because they have believed a report.
God expects that past experience of His faithfulness is evidence that should give faith to believe yet to be fulfilled promises.
God expects fulfilled prophesy to be persuasive to both believers and unbelievers. In evaluating a prophesy, the events are the final measure of truth.
God believes that the testimony of creation without testimony from Scripture is sufficient to cause men to seek Him if they were not willfully ignorant.
God expect believers to accept His Word.